Brain Teasers - Puzzle Prime

Buried Up to Neck

Section: Brain Teasers Category: Deduction

Difficulty: Medium

Three friends, Adam, Bob, and Charlie are buried in the sand up to their necks, all facing West. Charlie can see both Adam and Bom, Bom can see only Adam, and Adam cannot see anyone. Black and white hats are placed on their heads. The three friends are told that there is at least one hat from each color, and then they are asked whether anyone can guess the color of their own hat.

After a few minutes, one of them answers. Who is that?

SOLUTION

If Adam and Bob had hats with identical colors, then Charlie would immediately be able to deduce that his hat has the opposite color. Charlie doesn’t do that, so Adam and Bob are able to figure out that their hats have opposite colors. Since Bob is the one who can see the color of Adam’s hat, he is the one that answers the question.

Unknown Author February 13, 2024

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The Letter E

Section: Brain Teasers Category: Practical

Difficulty: Expert

Click the image to enlarge it and download it. Then print it, cut out the three pieces, and rearrange them so that you get the letter “E”.

SOLUTION

Rearrange the pieces, so that they form the shadow of the letter “E”, as shown below.

Unknown Author February 10, 2024

1 Comment

Fish Eat Fish

Section: Brain Teasers Category: Mathematics

Difficulty: Advanced Tags: Probability

A hundred fish are swimming along a stream at different velocities. If one fish catches up to another fish, it eats it and continues swimming. What is the expected number of fish that will survive?

SOLUTION

Notice that the N-th fish survives if and only if it is the fastest among the first N fish. The probability of this event is equal to 1/N. Since the expected number of fish that survive is equal to the sum of the survival probabilities for each of them, the answer is 1+1/2+1/3+…+1/N.

Unknown Author February 7, 2024

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Worm in an Apple

Section: Brain Teasers Category: Mathematics

Difficulty: Hard Tags: Geometry

There is a perfectly spherical apple with a radius 50mm. A worm has entered the apple, made a tunnel of length 99mm through it and left. Prove that we can slice the apple in two pieces through the center, so that one of them is untouched by the worm.

SOLUTION

Let the entering point is A, the leaving point is B and the center of the apple is C. Consider the plane P containing the points A, B and C and project the worm’s tunnel on it. Since 99 < 2×50, the convex hull of the tunnel’s projection will not contain the center C. Therefore we can find a line L through C, such that the tunnel’s projection is entirely in one of the semi-planes of P with respect to L. Now cut the apple with a slice orthogonal to P passing through the line L and you are done.

Unknown Author February 1, 2024

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Least Likely

Section: Brain Teasers Category: Insight

Difficulty: Medium

Sarah lives in the UK. Which of these statements is least likely:

Sarah speaks English.
Sarah eats baby pandas.
Sarah speaks English and eats baby pandas.

SOLUTION

The answer is 3. This is because statements 1. and 2. are more general than statement 3. and therefore more likely to be true.

Unknown Author January 28, 2024

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Mirror Chess

Section: Brain Teasers Category: Chess

Difficulty: Advanced

Bobby and Garry are playing chess. If Garry is playing with the black figures and agrees to mirror every move Bobby makes, what is the minimum number of moves in which Bobby can mate his opponent?

SOLUTION

Bobby can mate Garry in four moves:

1. d4 d5 2. Qd3 Qd6 3. Qh3 Qh6 4. Qxc8

Unknown Author January 25, 2024

4 Comments

Slicing Butter

Section: Brain Teasers Category: Insight

Difficulty: Hard

If you want to split a cubic piece of butter into 27 smaller cubes, you can easily do it using just 6 slices (imagine the Rubik’s Cube). However, after every slice you make you can also rearrange the pieces – stack them in different ways on top of each other so that the number of cuts possibly gets reduced. What is the minimum number of slices you need in order to accomplish the task?

SOLUTION

In order to separate the little cube in the center of the butter piece from the rest, you need 6 slices – that’s the number of sides it has. Therefore, you can’t accomplish the task with less than 6 cuts.

Unknown Author January 22, 2024

1 Comment

Mute Person, Blind Person

Section: Brain Teasers Category: Insight

Difficulty: Easy

A mute person enters the pharmacy and decides to buy a toothbrush. He imitates the movements of brushing his teeth and thus successfully explains what he needs. After him a blind person enters the pharmacy, looking for toothpaste. What does he do?

SOLUTION

He simply says “I need toothpaste”. He is blind, not mute.

Unknown Author January 19, 2024

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Halftime Sentence

Section: Brain Teasers Category: Insight

Difficulty: Easy

After one king got his first newborn child, he was so happy that decided to reduce all prisoners’ sentences in his kingdom by half. How did he handle the prisoners who had lifetime sentences?

SOLUTION

The king alternated keeping them 1 year in prison with 1 year out of it.

Unknown Author January 13, 2024

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Ancient Coins

Section: Brain Teasers Category: Insight

Difficulty: Medium

Suppose I show you two ancient coins. The first one is dated 51 B.C., the second one is marked George I. Which one is counterfeit?

SOLUTION

Both of them. People who lived 51 years before Christ didn’t know about Jesus yet. When King George I was ruling, he was the first king with this name, and so he was just called George.

Unknown Author January 10, 2024

1 Comment