Sum Up to 999
Can you find a triple of three-digit numbers that sum up to 999 and collectively contain all digits from 1 to 9 exactly once? How many such triples are there? What if the sum was 1000?
There are exactly 180 such triples that sum up to 999 and none that sum up to 1000.
In order to see that, notice that the sum of the first digits of the numbers can be no more than 9. Since the sum of all digits is 45, the sum of the middle and the sum of the last digits should be both no more than 9+8+7=24, and no less than 45-9-24=12. We then see that the sum of the last digits should be exactly 19 and the sum of the middle digits should be exactly 18. The sum of the first digits should be 45-19-18=8.
There are 2 ways to get 8 using unique digits from 1 to 9: 1+2+5 and 1+3+4.
- If the first digits are {1, 2, 5}, the options for the middle digits are {3, 6, 9}, {3, 7, 8}, and {4, 6, 8}. The last digits end up {4, 7, 8}, {4, 6, 9}, and {3, 7, 9} respectively.
- If the first digits are {1, 3, 4}, the options for the middle digits are {2, 7, 9} and {5, 6, 7}. The last digits end up {5, 6, 8} and {2, 8, 9} respectively.
Since the set of the first digits, the set of the middle digits, and the set of the last digits of the numbers can be permuted in 6 ways each, we get a total of 5×6×6×6=1080 solutions, or 180 up to permutation of the 3 three-digit numbers.
In order to see that we cannot get a sum of 1000, we note that since the sum of the digits from 1 to 9 is divisible by 9, then the sum of the 3 three-digit numbers should be divisible by 9 as well. Since 1000 is not divisible by 9, the statement follows.
