Non-Transitive Dice

This is a non-transitive dice set, i.e. every dice in it is weaker than some other dice. Can you design a non-transitive set with only 3 dice?

Remark: “Weaker” means that it loses more often than it wins.

The simplest solution is given by:

2, 2, 4, 4, 9, 9;
1, 1, 6, 6, 8, 8;
3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7.

Another solution is given by the so-called “Miwin’s dice”. They are as follows:

1, 1, 3, 5, 5, 6;
2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5;
1, 2, 2, 4, 6, 6.

The Missing Digit

The number 229 has 9 digits, all different. Which digit is missing?

Bonus: Is the number 9991 prime?

Let the missing digit be m. Every number and the sum of its digits give the same remainder when divided by 9. The number 229 = 32 * 644 gives remainder 5 when divided by 9, and therefore 9 divides (0 + 1 + 2 + … + 9) – 5 – m = 40 – m. Thus, the missing digit is 4.

Bonus: 9991 = 10000 – 9 = 1002 – 32 = (100 – 3)(100 + 3) = 97 * 103. Therefore the number 9991 is not prime.